Caution Notice

Volume 5, Issue 2

Home / Journal / Browse Issues / Journal Of General Management Research /
Volume ,5 Issue 2

Gender Differences in Perception of Ethical Practices

Author(s)

Puneeta Goel

Affiliations

Assistant Professor, Amity University Sector 125, Noida

Abstract

Existing research on ethical practices primarily focus on impact of ethics on employee performance, attractiveness to perspective employees, improved employee relationship, etc. The current study intends to explore gender differences in employee’s perception about the ethical practices being followed by Indian business organizations. Seventeen ethical value statements have been used to explore the ethical perception of employees using Likert scale rating. Using a sample of 412 respondents, Mann-Whitney U differential tests asserted that there is significant difference in perception of ethical practices between men and women. The male patriarchal set up of Indian societal norms seems to transgress from the social life to corporate life style. Men consider ethical codes as part of training program to be a significant ethical issue where as female gave more consideration to paying fair wages and taking care of health and safety. Age and position of female employees are correlated to their ethical perception. Role of ethics in Indian companies has not been adequately studied. Further, the interplay of gender dichotomy and perception of ethical conduct is also missing in literature. The research attempts to correlate gender and employee perception in a male dominated society and workplace in India.

M14: Corporate Culture, Diversity and Social Responsibility

Keywords

Ethical Issues, Employee Perception, Gender Differences, Patriarchal Society, Gender Sensitivity

References
  1. Ahmed, B., Shad, I., Mumtaz, R. & Tanveer, Z. (2012). Organizational Ethics and Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Pakistan. African Journal of Business management, 6(8). 2966- 2973
  2. Akram, M. & Azad, M.K.K. (2011). ‘Attitude Towards Business Ethics: Comparison of Public and Private Organizations in Pakistan’, International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(3), pp. 73-77, www. managementjournals.or
  3. Angelina I.T. Kiser (2015). ‘Workplace and leadership perceptions between men and women’, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(8), pp. 598-612
  4. Anakwe, U.P. (2002). Human Resource Management Practices in Nigeria: Challenges and Insights. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13: 1042-1059
  5. Asad, A., Ali, H.M., Raza, M.A. & Shah, M.A. (2015). Perception of Corporate social responsibility among employee of service sector based on gender. IOSR journal of business and management, 17(4). 27-31
  6. Aven, F.F., Parker, B. & McEvoy, G.M. (1993). Gender and attitudinal commitment to organizations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 26, 63-73
  7. Azam, S.M., Haque, A.K.M., Sarwar, A. & Anwar, N. (2014). Training program effectiveness of service initiators: Measuring perception of female employees of bank using logistic approach. Asian Research Journal of Business Management, 2(1), 98-108
  8. Baker, T.L., Hunt, T.G. & Andrews, M.C. (2006). Promoting ethical behavior and organisational citizenship behaviors: The influence of corporate ethical Values. Journal of Business Research, 59(7), 849-857
  9. Barnett, J.H., & Karson, M.J. (1989). Managers, values, and executive decisions: An exploration of the role of gender, career stage, organizational level, function and importance of ethics, relationships and results in managerial decision- making. Journal of Business Ethics, 8, 747-771.
  10. Bies, R.J. & Tripp, T.M. (2005). The study of revenge in the workplace: Conceptual, ideological, and empirical issues. In S.Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets, pp. 65-81. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  11. Burke, R.J. (2010). ‘Managers, balance, and fulfilling lives’, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(2), pp. 86-90. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/175424110110 26258
  12. Burke, R.J. (2010). ‘Do managerial men benefit from organizational values supporting work‐ personal life balance?’, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(2), pp. 91-99. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/175424110110 26267
  13. Burke, R.J., Koyuncu, M., Singh, P., Alayoglu, N. & Koyuncu, K. (2012). ‘Gender differences in work experiences and work outcomes among Turkish managers and professionals: Continuing signs of progress?’, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 27(1), pp. 23-35. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1754241121119 9255
  14. Byus, N., Matthews, L.R. & Randall, C. (2010). Employees’ Perceptions of the Management of Workplace Stress. International Journal of Disability Management, 5, pp. 25-31. DOI: 10.1375/jdmr.5.2.25
  15. Cable, D.M. & Judge, T.A. (1996). Person- organization fit, job choice decisions, and organizational entry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decisions Processes, 67: 294-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.0081
  16. Cabrera, E.F. (2009). ‘Fixing the leaky pipeline: five ways to retain female talent’, People and Strategy, 32(1), pp. 40-45.
  17. Das, S., Chandra, S.J., Kochhar, K. & Kumar, N. (2015). Women workers in India. Why so few among so many? IMF working paper. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/ wp1555.pdf
  18. deVaus, D. & McAllister, I. (1991). Gender and work orientation: Values and satisfaction in Western Europe. Work and Occupations, 18, 72-93.
  19. Diekman, A.B. & Schneider, M.C. (2010), ‘A social role theory perspective on gender gaps in political attitudes’, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(4), 486-497.
  20. Doble, N. & Supriya, M.V. (n.d.). Gender Differences in work life balance. Management 5(4), pp. 331-342. http://www.fm-kp.si/zalozba/ ISSN/1854-4231/5_331-342.pdf
  21. Eagly, A.H. (1987), Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-Role Interpretation, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
  22. Eagley, A.H. & Johnson, B.T. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 233-256.
  23. Ekin, M.G. & Tezölmez, H. (1999). Business Ethics in Turkey: An Empirical Investigation with Special Emphasis on Gender, Journal of Business Ethics, 18(1), 17-34.
  24. Emslie, C., Hunt, K. & Macintyre, S. (1999). Notes and Issues ‘Gender’ or ‘Job’ Differences? Working Conditions amongst Men and Women in White-Collar Occupations. Work, Employment and Society, 13, 711-729.
  25. Fatoki, O. & Chiliya, W. (2012). An Investigation into the Attitudes toward Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility by Local and Immigrant SME Owners in South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 32(1), 13-21.
  26. Foglia, M.B., Cohen, J.H., Pearlman, R.A., Bottrell, M.M. & Fox, E. (2013). Perceptions of Ethical Leadership and the Ethical Environment and Culture: IntegratedEthics TM Staff Survey Data from the VA Health Care System. AJOB Primary Research, 4(1), 44-58. DOI: 10.1080/ 21507716.2012.751070
  27. Fredricks, S.M., Tilley, E. & Pauknerová, D. (2014). ‘Limited gender differences in ethical decision making between demographics in the USA and New Zealand’, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 29(3), 126-147. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/GM-08-2012-0069
  28. Ganesh, S. & Ganesh, M.P. (2014). ‘Effects of masculinity-femininity on quality of work life: Understanding the moderating roles of gender and social support’, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 29(4), 229-253. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2013-0085
  29. Gill, S. (2010). ‘Is gender inclusivity an answer to ethical issues in business? An Indian stance’, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(1), 37-63. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/17542411011019922
  30. Glavas, A. & Kelley, K. (2014). The Effects of Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility on Employee Attitudes. Business Ethics Quarterly, 24, 165-202. DOI: 10.5840/beq20143206
  31. Glavas, A. & Piderit, S.K. (2009). How does doing good matter? Effects of corporate citizenship on employees. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 36, pp. 51-70. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2009.wi.00007
  32. Hutchison, S., Valentino, K.E. & Kirkner, S.L. (1998). What works for the gander does not work as well for the goose: The effects of leader behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 171-182.
  33. Ibrahim, N.A. & Angelidis, J. P. (1995). Effect of Board Members Gender on Corporate Social Responsiveness Orientation, Journal of Applied Business Research, 10(4), 35-40.
  34. Indumathi G.S. & Selvan R.T. (2013). A perception on quality of work-life among male and female Employees in the information technology companies. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 1(7), 31- 36.
  35. Jayachandran, S. (2014). The roots of gender inequalities in developing countries. Annual Review of Economics. http://faculty.wcas. northwestern.edu/~sjv340/roots_of_gender_ inequality.pdf
  36. Jones, D.A. (2010). Does serving the community also serve the company? Using organizational identification and social exchange theories to understand employee responses to a volunteerism programme. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83: 857-78. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317909X477495
  37. Kerns, C.D. (2003). Creating and sustaining an ethical workplace culture. Graziadio Business Review. 6(3). https://gbr.pepperdine. edu/2010/08/creating-and-sustaining-an- ethical-workplace-culture/
  38. Liao, W.C. & Teng, M.Y. (2010). The Relationship between Ethics Training and Employee Satisfaction: A Mediator of Corporate Responsibility Practices. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 6(1), 9-18.
  39. Marz, J., Powers, T.L. & Queisser, T. (2003). Corporate and Individual Influences on Managers Social Orientation, Journal of Business Ethics, 46(1), 1-11.
  40. Mason, E.S. (1995). Gender differences in job satisfaction. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 143-151.
  41. Mishra, N. & Sharma, G. (2010). Ethical Organisation & Employees. Asian Journal of Management Research. ISSN 2229–3795, 59-80.
  42. Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R. & Wood, D.J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 853-886.
  43. Mitonga-Monga, J. & Cilliers F. (2015). Ethics culture and ethics climate in relation to employee engagement in a developing country setting. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(3).
  44. Mitra, S. (2014). Major dimensions of inequality in India: Gender. Centre for budget and governance accountability, New Delhi, India. http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/ uploads/2016/04/Gender-Inequality.pdf
  45. Moore, H.L. & Moore, T.W. (2014). The effect of ethical climate on the organizational commitment of faculty members. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 9, 1-15.
  46. Mukhopadhyay, S. & Tendulkar, S.D. (2006). Gender differences in labor force participation in India. An analysis of NSS data. Institute of Social studies Trust, New Delhi, India. http://182.71.188.10:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/129/1/NSS%20paper%20-%20 GPN%2031.pdf
  47. Nadeem, M., Ahmad, R., Ahmad, N. & Abdullah M (2015) Impact of Human Resource Practices on Female Employees Performance in Karachi Pakistan. Bus Eco J, 6: 147. DOI: 10.4172/2151-6219.1000147
  48. Nadler, J.T. and Stockdale, M.S. (2012), ‘Workplace gender bias: Not just between strangers’, North American Journal of Psychology, 14(2), pp. 281-292.
  49. Nel, L. (2008). The Usefulness of Corporate Ethics Programmes in Integrating Ethics into an Organisation’s Culture. Dissertation in partial completion of Master of International Communication. Unitec, New Zealand.
  50. Ogungbamila, B. & Udegbe, I.B. (2014). Gender Differences is the Effects of Perception of Organizational Injustice on Workplace Reactivity. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, Vol. 10(1), 150–167, DOI:10.5964/ejop.v10i1.575
  51. Patel, T. (2005). The family in India: Structure and Practice. New Delhi: Sage.
  52. Peterson, D.K. (2004). Benefits of Participation in Corporate Volunteer Programs: Employees’ Perceptions, Personnel Review, 33(5/6), 615-627.
  53. Phatshwane, P.M.D. (2013). Ethical Perceptions of Managers: A Preliminary Study of Small and Medium Enterprises in Botswana. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(2), 41-48.
  54. Purlys, C. (2010). Influence of Business Ethics for Enterprise Competitiveness. 6th International Scientific Conference, May 13–14, Vilnius, Lithuania, Business and Management. 711-718. Retrieved from: http://www.vgtu.lt/en/editions/ proceedings.
  55. Racelis, A.D. (2009). Relationship between Employee Perceptions of Corporate Ethics and Organizational Culture: An Exploratory Study. Asia Pacific Management Review, 15: 251-261.